Information System Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Information System - Research Paper Example This means that there ought to be coordination between different systems in an organisation whereby they are designed towards the attainment of the organisational goals set. b) Information systems are the means by which people and organisations, utilising technologies, gather, process, store, use and disseminate information (Haag, Cummings & Dawkins 2000). Indeed, business use of Internet, Intranets and Extranets has changed what businesspeople expect from Information Systems in their jobs. Basically, information processing has been made much easier through the use of internet, intranets as well as extranets. These make the link between different people more close and convenient for any business. If carefully implemented, the benefits of information systems are tremendous and overwhelming. Some of the benefits include the following: operating using networked computers is efficient, information can be processed at higher speed and paperwork is reduced and there would be likely chances of customer satisfaction since efficiency would be increased. 2. The phenomenal growth of the new information and communication technology particularly the internet has revolutionized the ways people conduct business during the contemporary period and businesses should engage in electronic commerce on the internet. E-commerce is primarily concerned with exchange of electronic information between parties normally followed by the exchange of goods and payment transactions. Essentially, the role of business is to serve its customers profitably and perfect service is only possible if a business has the right information in the hands of the right people at the right time of which this can only be attainable through the appropriate use of information technology. Thus, the internet plays a big role here. The internet is basically a network of networked computers all over the world (Haag, Cummings & Dawkins

Analyse the concepts of 'culture shock' and 'cultural adjustment' and Essay

Analyse the concepts of 'culture shock' and 'cultural adjustment' and critically assess some possible consequences of th - Essay Example It involves the difficulties in trying to assimilate into the new culture or the new environment which leads to difficulty in understanding what is proper and what is considered as not being correct. Mostly it is combined with a lot of disgust about some aspects of the different or new culture. In most cases, culture shock may not occur suddenly. It may take some time to begin affecting the moods of the person involved. The duration of time an individual may experience culture shock is based on the period they have to stay in that environment, their self awareness level and the period they take to adjust and blend into the new surrounding. If the person is able to adjust at a faster rate, the better for him or her since the shock may not be as severe as when they did not know anything about the new culture or environment. One may note that he or she is experiencing culture shock when they experience some symptoms such as self doubts and being hostile more than usual (Taylor, 1990). A n example of culture shock is in the case of a university student from a different culture attending school in a totally different environment, for example, an African student attending university in the United States. Such a student will meet a totally different type of culture from the one he or she is used to. He may get hard timed trying to adjust and blend in. These hardships are part of culture shock. Culture adjustment is trying to change according to the shock associated with the change of environment. Living in a different culture that is dissimilar from the one someone is used to may be an adventure that is exiting as well as a challenging one. No matter what country one comes from, once they move from their country to another, they will have to go through cultural adjustment due to the difference in cultures (Vivian, 1999). Understanding the process of adjustment may involve getting some support from other people who are familiar with the culture and may be an exiting exp erience, both professionally and personally. Culture may be defined in a number of ways that may bring out different meanings. In some cases, it may be used to refer to the act of appreciating good literature, food, art and music. For biologists, it may be used to refer to a colony of different types of bacteria or some other organisms. However, for the behavioral science, it is a range of patterns of human behavior. It may be otherwise defined as a complex whole that includes belief, knowledge, art, customs, law and any habits and capabilities that is acquired by people as a part of a given society. Culture is a very powerful tool for the survival of human, but it is also a fragile phenomenon. Culture is consistently changing and may be lost easily since it usually exists in the human mind (Rogers, 1996). Culture is comprised of different layers. The national level deals with the awareness of the dynamics of culture and their patterns by nationality. The national level is relevant for certain areas such as getting into new markets, cross border division and relationships based on international outsourcing. Another level is the organizational level which focuses on culture dynamics experiences in different organizations (Rogers, 1996). The other levels include the regional or ethnic level that involves the difference in culture between different ethnical groups, generation level that is

The Impact Of Online Shopping On Society Information Technology Essay

The Impact Of Online Shopping On Society Information Technology Essay Nowadays in new era of technology, internet has already become part of our life. As Internet is becoming more widely used, we almost can find or do everything via internet. As many businesses are attempting to globalize their sales, Internet becomes the primary means of advertising and selling their products or services worldwide. Many businesses are creating web pages in addition to their retail stores, and many start their businesses with online stores alone. Paul Demery (2006) said, according to a new report from Forrester Research, 75% of the 80 million U.S. online households have purchased products over the Internet, with more than two-thirds having made an online purchase within the past three months. 8 million of web shoppers, 19% households spent $500 during the past three months, 16% spent between $250 and $499, 26% spent between $100 and $249, and 39% spent between $1 and $99. Due to online shopping is becoming more and more popular, there will have a lot of issues like, pr ivacy, cheating, Fraud and security concerns, consumer expectation and etc. Online shopping websites is build to allow people to sell and advertise their item or buy any things that they needed via website. In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee created the first World Wide Web server and browser. According to Kathryn (2010), in 1992, several years before Amazon was launched, there has a first-ever online bookstore been opened by a man named Charles Stack. Now it becomes Books.com. But, the first businesses to really make shopping online popular are Amazon and eBay which is launched by 1995 and 1996. These two businesses remain among the top online shopping sites today. The system is build in ethical way as it allows people to sell and advertise their items or buy any things as they needed via website. However, some people who having guilty mind take this advantage to do cyber crimes, such as cheating or scamming, stealing credit card information and etc. As stated in Wikipedia (2010), online shopping website brings a lot of advantages to public, such as more convenience, lower price and selection, information and review and etc. On the other hand, there are some disadvantages exist too, such as fraud and security concerns, lack of full cost disclosure, privacy and etc. Online shopping website brings good impact to the IT industry. To maintain online shopping websites, it needs a lot of programmers, such as, analysis programmer, database administrator, security programmer, web designer and etc. It means that online shopping website is giving more opportunity for job. Data centers which providing hosting services will bloom and many e shopping portals will be up online. On the time, many different e shopping portals will race to be the best which provides the best service and lowest price. It also gives more jobs opportunities to people for courier services. The implications of online shopping website toward the society have advantages and disadvantages. It depends on how people use on it. If people use it in right way, it will bring a lot of positive benefit. Kimberly Palmer (2007) said, according to Forrester Research, more than half of US households regularly shop on the web, but online purchases still make up only 7 percent of total retail sales. Nowadays, consumers can buy everything over the web, which mean it help us save time and money. Convenient is the main advantage for online shopping website, because it allows consumer shop at anywhere and anytime with just only a personal computer or laptop with an internet access. It also save consumer traveling time to retail stores. Convenience includes the overall ease of finding a product, time spent on shopping, post purchase service, complete contact information, and minimization of overall shopping effort (Christian Schaupp France Belanger, 2005). Researchers also identify convenie nce as a à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“fundamental objectiveà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ related to online shopping (Christian Schaupp France Belanger, 2005). Besides that, lower price and selection also play a very important role. It allows consumers able to quickly seek out deals for items with many different vendors. Consumer able to compares many different products, prices and productà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s quality in same time. Online shopping is always get cheaper prices compare with retail stores, because online store does not have to pay the costs of running a shop and wages to salespeople, and all of the other running costs of a real world business. Other than that, for those who only have limited budget and want to start their own business, it highly recommended start from online shopping website. On the other hand, online shopping also will bring negative impact to society if it misused by public. For example, credit card or identity fraud. When consumers wanted to purchase something from website, they need to use credit or debit card to make payment. So, some hacker will take this advantage to steal credit or debit card information via online shopping website. According to Danielle Miceli Rachel Kim (2010), the chart below shows that make purchases in person and make purchases online are more than four in 10 cases of fraud, which mean the security of online shopping is too weak. Because online purchases require only a credit or debit card number, this method of fraud is increasingly favored by criminals. Additionally, slightly more than 20% of victims of identity fraud had their information use to make phone or mail-order catalog purchases. Figure 1.1 what are the most common methods of fraud? [Danielle Miceli Rachel Kim (2010)] Besides that, cheating and scamming also one of very serious issues. For example, Philip Reed (2010) shows an example of online car-buying fraud, a girl named Joan (not her real name) won an online auction for a 2001 Chrysler Town Country minivan. It was a great deal, and the pictures made it look brand-new. But three weeks later, her family had lost $6,000 and she never got the van. She was a victim of a rapidly growing scam: Internet fraud. In Joans case, she bid a minivan on Yahoo.com and then she has received an e-mail which informs her that she had won the bid and the van was hers. However, she did not see that Yahoo never posted her as the top bidder. The con artists merely captured her e-mail address and contacted her directly about a car that actually existed but was being sold by an unsuspecting third party. What made Joans case especially tragic was that she was buying the van for her parents. She urged them to take out a loan to finance it and then sent their money to a s upposedly secure escrow site. Escrows are used in car-buying as an impartial middleman, an agency that holds the money securely until the vehicle is shipped to the new owner. However, this escrow site, given the legitimate-sounding name safe-purchases.com, was a bank account controlled by the criminals. Once the funds were transferred there, the money was withdrawn, the account was closed and the paper trail was erased. Other than IT industry and society issues, online shopping also bring negative impact to environment. According to William Chen (2008), online shopping is encouraging more trash at the curbside. They mostly use courier to deliver their goods. Although there is not only in the local deliveries but also with amount of paper, plastic and cardboard that is pushed into city waste stream. Environmentalists are showing a great concern towards this. They have understood from surveys that the negatives are by far greater than the positives on environment. E-commerce has negative effects on the environment. A big negative impact online shopping has had on environment is the amount of non-recyclable materials that come with products ordered online which is bubble wrap, foam rubber and expanded polystyrene. As conclusion, online shopping website is become more popular and powerful. Although online shopping have bring a lot of advantages to society, but there are some negative concerns of online shopping too. To avoid cyber crimes, consumers must be careful while using credit card via online shopping website. In addition, web programmer should upgrade and enhance the security level of the website to avoid those crimes. Except cyber crimes, pollution on our environment are getting more serious, as a human being, we should protect our earth and home. It is also suggested that consumers and retailer should use some recyclable material to deliver the goods. Eventually, all consumers will adapt to the online shopping technology and able to enjoy the convenient, innovative way of shopping.

Essay --

Anti-Terrorism in the UK The United Kingdom stands out from the world with its distinctive anti-terrorism policy, which gives the government extended powers to arrest, detain, and supervise those believed to be potential terrorists beyond what many other countries find suitable (Feikert & Doyle 2). The UK’s legislation surrounding terrorism is the product of policy that has evolved over time as the result of attacks taken out on the UK itself as well as global events that highlight the need for protection. The government has put together a thorough policy in response to terrorism, as well as preventative measures in an attempt to prevent such events from happening in the future. However, some measures taken by the government are seen by citizens and global critics to violate individual liberties and infringe on privacy. While the safety of its citizens is the prime motive of such policy, some people have been left to feel discriminated against in their own country. While the UK’s anti-terroris m policy is no doubt comprehensive, including measures to pursue, prevent, prepare, and protect the people from the threat of terrorism, the government is going to have to deal with the controversy regarding discrimination in order to satisfy its citizens and prevent future homegrown terrorist attacks. Terrorism is a difficult subject to tackle as it is hard to define. There is no collectively accepted definition in either the legal, civil, or academic sense of the word (Panter 579). The government of the UK defines terrorism as â€Å"the use or threat of action designed to influence the government or an international governmental organisation or to intimidate the public, or a section of the public; made for the purposes of advancing a political... ...ent needs to take this situation into consideration when creating laws, especially those that restrict the liberties of individuals. The UK’s unique style of government and policy history places it in a distinctive position compared to the rest of the world when it comes to counter terrorism measures. The government has created new policies over decades, which have been notable in their restriction of liberties and privacies of its citizens. It has become a controversy as to whether this should be allowed in order to protect the population as a whole or if these measures are a violation of human rights. Such policy is risky in that it might make some who feel discriminated against or disconnected turn to terrorism. While the UK’s anti-terrorism policy is detailed and comprehensive, it must take this into account and deal with the controversy in future legislation. Essay -- Anti-Terrorism in the UK The United Kingdom stands out from the world with its distinctive anti-terrorism policy, which gives the government extended powers to arrest, detain, and supervise those believed to be potential terrorists beyond what many other countries find suitable (Feikert & Doyle 2). The UK’s legislation surrounding terrorism is the product of policy that has evolved over time as the result of attacks taken out on the UK itself as well as global events that highlight the need for protection. The government has put together a thorough policy in response to terrorism, as well as preventative measures in an attempt to prevent such events from happening in the future. However, some measures taken by the government are seen by citizens and global critics to violate individual liberties and infringe on privacy. While the safety of its citizens is the prime motive of such policy, some people have been left to feel discriminated against in their own country. While the UK’s anti-terroris m policy is no doubt comprehensive, including measures to pursue, prevent, prepare, and protect the people from the threat of terrorism, the government is going to have to deal with the controversy regarding discrimination in order to satisfy its citizens and prevent future homegrown terrorist attacks. Terrorism is a difficult subject to tackle as it is hard to define. There is no collectively accepted definition in either the legal, civil, or academic sense of the word (Panter 579). The government of the UK defines terrorism as â€Å"the use or threat of action designed to influence the government or an international governmental organisation or to intimidate the public, or a section of the public; made for the purposes of advancing a political... ...ent needs to take this situation into consideration when creating laws, especially those that restrict the liberties of individuals. The UK’s unique style of government and policy history places it in a distinctive position compared to the rest of the world when it comes to counter terrorism measures. The government has created new policies over decades, which have been notable in their restriction of liberties and privacies of its citizens. It has become a controversy as to whether this should be allowed in order to protect the population as a whole or if these measures are a violation of human rights. Such policy is risky in that it might make some who feel discriminated against or disconnected turn to terrorism. While the UK’s anti-terrorism policy is detailed and comprehensive, it must take this into account and deal with the controversy in future legislation.

Heart of Darkness

Often statements have multiple interpretations depending on different perspectives. In the novel Heart of Darkness, Conrad makes the reader use their own knowledge to create themes and emotions. Consistently the theme of the horrific reality is mentioned throughout the novel in several aspects. Joseph’s character Kurtz cries out, â€Å"The horror! The horror† (Conrad 86) during his last moments, however there is no obvious meaning and leaves the reader to realize how ambiguities of the quote.The horror that Kurtz is referring to is the guilt he and Marlow feel, the disappointment of dying and the fear of the darkness. Emotional feelings tend to have the effect of guilt when something does not point in a positive direction. Many people make a wrong decision that forces them to feel guilty. Joseph Conrad’s idea to show the feeling of guilt through his characters experience working in the Congo. The character Kurtz is very good at what he brings to the Company, howe ver near his time of death he reflects on the inequality that is displayed towards the natives of the Congo.Marlow is unaware of the job that he receives because the life he lives at home is opposite to the life he endures in the Congo and his first impression, â€Å"While I stood horror-struck, one of these creatures rose to his hands and knees, and went off on all-fours towards the river to drink† (Conrad 20). This quote explains that Marlow witnesses a different type of behaviour by being in a different society and naturally feels guilty about all of the aspects developed countries take advantage of.Both Marlow and Kurtz know that what they are doing is unfair to the natives and the land but they also know that it is their duty to obey the rules of the Company. Authority is a key component of the emotions that the ‘civilized’ and the natives are meant to experience, â€Å"It was an affirmation, a moral victory paid for by innumerable defeats, by abominable te rrors, by abominable satisfactions. But it was a victory† (Conrad 88). The quote refers to some positive aspects of the Congo as well as some negative points, especially Marlow mentioning the terrors, which then turn to guilt throughout the journey.Many people end up with a guilty feeling about their life because of a previous defeat they are not content with. Most people have expectations in life that they want to accomplish before they die. The character Kurtz in the novel is a respected man because of what he brings to the Company although while he is moments until his death he looks back on his life and realizes his true destiny. Before Marlow meets Kurtz, the manager says, â€Å"He will be somebody in the Administration before long. They, above – the Council of Europe, you know – mean him to be† (Conrad 23).The Company has great plans for Kurtz because he is the best at what he does and that is sending in ivory. In the early 1800s, the largest resourc es in the Congo were ivory and rubber (King Leopold II and the Congo). Marlow feels Kurtz’s pain as he cries out because everything that Kurtz ever accomplished is about to come crashing down and cut his life expectancies short, â€Å"All that had been Kurtz’s had been passed out of my hands; his soul, his body, his plans, his ivory, his career† (Conrad 91).The previous quote states that in Marlow’s eyes there is a disappointing end to Kurtz’s life because of the expectations that not only to Kurtz himself, the expectations the Company had for Kurtz but also the ones that England had for him. Conrad’s character Kurtz expresses to the reader that the remarkable man has reached his limits but is not happy with the end result of his death and not perfect life later on. By spending time in a new environment the ability to change the lifestyle that a person has increases. Sometimes moving from one destination to a new destination will change a pe rson’s way of living.Conrad’s main characters Kurtz and Marlow set off to leave their own society and they enter the reality of darkness in the Congo. Coming from a more developed country than the Congo and having to adapt to the changes is difficult to do for Joseph Conrad’s characters. The fear for Marlow of turning crazy after spending time in a completely different place is high because he knows the reason he got the job in the Congo was due to the death of Fresleven. The previous captain had been said to be the nicest creature ever (Conrad) which shocked Marlow to discover what Fresleven had turned into, â€Å"†¦He whacked the old nigger mercilessly, while a big crowd of his people watched him, thunderstruck†¦ The people had vanished. Mad terror had scattered them†¦ † (Conrad 10). After a couple years of Fresleven being away from his home, the change that happens is that he is no longer the gentle man he started out to be. Kurtz cries out his last words of the horror he is experiencing, the ambiguity of what he means is flashing back to the way he is changing from his civilized-self to a weaker savage-like person which is a horrific change for Kurtz.Marlow experiences the horror through himself and also through Kurtz of the Congo, â€Å"†¦ A shadow insatiable of splendid appearances, of frightful realities; a shadow darker than the shadow of night†¦ † (Conrad 91). The previous quote refers to the Congo in general and goes back to the title of the novel itself. The frightening realities of changing a person they once were and becoming different but not in a completely positive way. Fear on the surface reality differs greatly from the underneath reality that is unknown until experienced thoroughly.Some statements are left ambiguous to allow people to use their knowledge to create perspectives. Joseph Conrad reminds the reader of one of the main themes within the novel and that is the fear of realit y. There are several ambiguous views to the fear within the Congo such as the guilt Kurtz and Marlow feel, the disappointment of not accomplishing everything expected in life and the horror of the darkness. Conrad makes the reader imagine the endless possibilities of emotions on the horror in the Heart of Darkness. Heart of Darkness Often statements have multiple interpretations depending on different perspectives. In the novel Heart of Darkness, Conrad makes the reader use their own knowledge to create themes and emotions. Consistently the theme of the horrific reality is mentioned throughout the novel in several aspects. Joseph’s character Kurtz cries out, â€Å"The horror! The horror† (Conrad 86) during his last moments, however there is no obvious meaning and leaves the reader to realize how ambiguities of the quote.The horror that Kurtz is referring to is the guilt he and Marlow feel, the disappointment of dying and the fear of the darkness. Emotional feelings tend to have the effect of guilt when something does not point in a positive direction. Many people make a wrong decision that forces them to feel guilty. Joseph Conrad’s idea to show the feeling of guilt through his characters experience working in the Congo. The character Kurtz is very good at what he brings to the Company, howe ver near his time of death he reflects on the inequality that is displayed towards the natives of the Congo.Marlow is unaware of the job that he receives because the life he lives at home is opposite to the life he endures in the Congo and his first impression, â€Å"While I stood horror-struck, one of these creatures rose to his hands and knees, and went off on all-fours towards the river to drink† (Conrad 20). This quote explains that Marlow witnesses a different type of behaviour by being in a different society and naturally feels guilty about all of the aspects developed countries take advantage of.Both Marlow and Kurtz know that what they are doing is unfair to the natives and the land but they also know that it is their duty to obey the rules of the Company. Authority is a key component of the emotions that the ‘civilized’ and the natives are meant to experience, â€Å"It was an affirmation, a moral victory paid for by innumerable defeats, by abominable te rrors, by abominable satisfactions. But it was a victory† (Conrad 88). The quote refers to some positive aspects of the Congo as well as some negative points, especially Marlow mentioning the terrors, which then turn to guilt throughout the journey.Many people end up with a guilty feeling about their life because of a previous defeat they are not content with. Most people have expectations in life that they want to accomplish before they die. The character Kurtz in the novel is a respected man because of what he brings to the Company although while he is moments until his death he looks back on his life and realizes his true destiny. Before Marlow meets Kurtz, the manager says, â€Å"He will be somebody in the Administration before long. They, above – the Council of Europe, you know – mean him to be† (Conrad 23).The Company has great plans for Kurtz because he is the best at what he does and that is sending in ivory. In the early 1800s, the largest resourc es in the Congo were ivory and rubber (King Leopold II and the Congo). Marlow feels Kurtz’s pain as he cries out because everything that Kurtz ever accomplished is about to come crashing down and cut his life expectancies short, â€Å"All that had been Kurtz’s had been passed out of my hands; his soul, his body, his plans, his ivory, his career† (Conrad 91).The previous quote states that in Marlow’s eyes there is a disappointing end to Kurtz’s life because of the expectations that not only to Kurtz himself, the expectations the Company had for Kurtz but also the ones that England had for him. Conrad’s character Kurtz expresses to the reader that the remarkable man has reached his limits but is not happy with the end result of his death and not perfect life later on. By spending time in a new environment the ability to change the lifestyle that a person has increases. Sometimes moving from one destination to a new destination will change a pe rson’s way of living.Conrad’s main characters Kurtz and Marlow set off to leave their own society and they enter the reality of darkness in the Congo. Coming from a more developed country than the Congo and having to adapt to the changes is difficult to do for Joseph Conrad’s characters. The fear for Marlow of turning crazy after spending time in a completely different place is high because he knows the reason he got the job in the Congo was due to the death of Fresleven. The previous captain had been said to be the nicest creature ever (Conrad) which shocked Marlow to discover what Fresleven had turned into, â€Å"†¦He whacked the old nigger mercilessly, while a big crowd of his people watched him, thunderstruck†¦ The people had vanished. Mad terror had scattered them†¦ † (Conrad 10). After a couple years of Fresleven being away from his home, the change that happens is that he is no longer the gentle man he started out to be. Kurtz cries out his last words of the horror he is experiencing, the ambiguity of what he means is flashing back to the way he is changing from his civilized-self to a weaker savage-like person which is a horrific change for Kurtz.Marlow experiences the horror through himself and also through Kurtz of the Congo, â€Å"†¦ A shadow insatiable of splendid appearances, of frightful realities; a shadow darker than the shadow of night†¦ † (Conrad 91). The previous quote refers to the Congo in general and goes back to the title of the novel itself. The frightening realities of changing a person they once were and becoming different but not in a completely positive way. Fear on the surface reality differs greatly from the underneath reality that is unknown until experienced thoroughly.Some statements are left ambiguous to allow people to use their knowledge to create perspectives. Joseph Conrad reminds the reader of one of the main themes within the novel and that is the fear of realit y. There are several ambiguous views to the fear within the Congo such as the guilt Kurtz and Marlow feel, the disappointment of not accomplishing everything expected in life and the horror of the darkness. Conrad makes the reader imagine the endless possibilities of emotions on the horror in the Heart of Darkness. Heart of Darkness Heart of Darkness Heart of Darkness Often statements have multiple interpretations depending on different perspectives. In the novel Heart of Darkness, Conrad makes the reader use their own knowledge to create themes and emotions. Consistently the theme of the horrific reality is mentioned throughout the novel in several aspects. Joseph’s character Kurtz cries out, â€Å"The horror! The horror† (Conrad 86) during his last moments, however there is no obvious meaning and leaves the reader to realize how ambiguities of the quote.The horror that Kurtz is referring to is the guilt he and Marlow feel, the disappointment of dying and the fear of the darkness. Emotional feelings tend to have the effect of guilt when something does not point in a positive direction. Many people make a wrong decision that forces them to feel guilty. Joseph Conrad’s idea to show the feeling of guilt through his characters experience working in the Congo. The character Kurtz is very good at what he brings to the Company, howe ver near his time of death he reflects on the inequality that is displayed towards the natives of the Congo.Marlow is unaware of the job that he receives because the life he lives at home is opposite to the life he endures in the Congo and his first impression, â€Å"While I stood horror-struck, one of these creatures rose to his hands and knees, and went off on all-fours towards the river to drink† (Conrad 20). This quote explains that Marlow witnesses a different type of behaviour by being in a different society and naturally feels guilty about all of the aspects developed countries take advantage of.Both Marlow and Kurtz know that what they are doing is unfair to the natives and the land but they also know that it is their duty to obey the rules of the Company. Authority is a key component of the emotions that the ‘civilized’ and the natives are meant to experience, â€Å"It was an affirmation, a moral victory paid for by innumerable defeats, by abominable te rrors, by abominable satisfactions. But it was a victory† (Conrad 88). The quote refers to some positive aspects of the Congo as well as some negative points, especially Marlow mentioning the terrors, which then turn to guilt throughout the journey.Many people end up with a guilty feeling about their life because of a previous defeat they are not content with. Most people have expectations in life that they want to accomplish before they die. The character Kurtz in the novel is a respected man because of what he brings to the Company although while he is moments until his death he looks back on his life and realizes his true destiny. Before Marlow meets Kurtz, the manager says, â€Å"He will be somebody in the Administration before long. They, above – the Council of Europe, you know – mean him to be† (Conrad 23).The Company has great plans for Kurtz because he is the best at what he does and that is sending in ivory. In the early 1800s, the largest resourc es in the Congo were ivory and rubber (King Leopold II and the Congo). Marlow feels Kurtz’s pain as he cries out because everything that Kurtz ever accomplished is about to come crashing down and cut his life expectancies short, â€Å"All that had been Kurtz’s had been passed out of my hands; his soul, his body, his plans, his ivory, his career† (Conrad 91).The previous quote states that in Marlow’s eyes there is a disappointing end to Kurtz’s life because of the expectations that not only to Kurtz himself, the expectations the Company had for Kurtz but also the ones that England had for him. Conrad’s character Kurtz expresses to the reader that the remarkable man has reached his limits but is not happy with the end result of his death and not perfect life later on. By spending time in a new environment the ability to change the lifestyle that a person has increases. Sometimes moving from one destination to a new destination will change a pe rson’s way of living.Conrad’s main characters Kurtz and Marlow set off to leave their own society and they enter the reality of darkness in the Congo. Coming from a more developed country than the Congo and having to adapt to the changes is difficult to do for Joseph Conrad’s characters. The fear for Marlow of turning crazy after spending time in a completely different place is high because he knows the reason he got the job in the Congo was due to the death of Fresleven. The previous captain had been said to be the nicest creature ever (Conrad) which shocked Marlow to discover what Fresleven had turned into, â€Å"†¦He whacked the old nigger mercilessly, while a big crowd of his people watched him, thunderstruck†¦ The people had vanished. Mad terror had scattered them†¦ † (Conrad 10). After a couple years of Fresleven being away from his home, the change that happens is that he is no longer the gentle man he started out to be. Kurtz cries out his last words of the horror he is experiencing, the ambiguity of what he means is flashing back to the way he is changing from his civilized-self to a weaker savage-like person which is a horrific change for Kurtz.Marlow experiences the horror through himself and also through Kurtz of the Congo, â€Å"†¦ A shadow insatiable of splendid appearances, of frightful realities; a shadow darker than the shadow of night†¦ † (Conrad 91). The previous quote refers to the Congo in general and goes back to the title of the novel itself. The frightening realities of changing a person they once were and becoming different but not in a completely positive way. Fear on the surface reality differs greatly from the underneath reality that is unknown until experienced thoroughly.Some statements are left ambiguous to allow people to use their knowledge to create perspectives. Joseph Conrad reminds the reader of one of the main themes within the novel and that is the fear of realit y. There are several ambiguous views to the fear within the Congo such as the guilt Kurtz and Marlow feel, the disappointment of not accomplishing everything expected in life and the horror of the darkness. Conrad makes the reader imagine the endless possibilities of emotions on the horror in the Heart of Darkness. Heart of Darkness Heart of Darkness

3 D Optical Storage

3-D OPTICAL DATA STORAGE TECHNOLOGY * *ABSTRACT 3D optical data storage is the term given to any form of optical data storage in which information can be recorded and/or read with three dimensional resolution (as opposed to the two dimensional resolution afforded, for example, by CD). Current optical data storage media, such as the CD and DVD store data as a series of reflective marks on an internal surface of a disc. In order to increase storage capacity, it is possible for discs to hold two or even more of these data layers, but their number is severely limited since the addressing laser interacts with every layer that it passes through on the way to and from the addressed layer. These interactions cause noise that limits the technology to approximately 10 layers. 3D optical data storage methods circumvent this issue by using addressing methods where only the specifically addressed voxel (volumetric pixel) interacts substantially with the addressing light. This necessarily involves nonlinear data reading and writing methods, in particular non linear optics. 3D optical data storage is related to (and competes with) holographic data storage. Traditional examples of holographic storage do not address in the third dimension, and are therefore not strictly â€Å"3D†, but more recently 3D holographic storage has been realized by the use of microholograms. Layer-selection multilayer technology (where a multilayer disc has layers that can be individually activated e. g. electrically) is also closely related. This innovation has the potential to provide terabyte-level mass storage on DVD-sized disks. Data recording and readback are achieved by focusing lasers within the medium. However, because of the volumetric nature of the data structure, the laser light must travel through other data points before it reaches the point where reading or recording is desired. Therefore, some kind of nonlinearity is required to ensure that these other data points do not interfere with the addressing of the desired point. 1. Overview: Current optical data storage media, such as the CD and DVD store data as a series of reflective marks on an internal surface of a disc. In order to increase storage capacity, it is possible for discs to hold two or even more f these data layers, but their number is severely limited since the addressing laser interacts with every layer that it passes through on the way to and from the addressed layer. These interactions cause noise that limits the technology to approximately 10 layers. 3D optical data storage methods circumvent this issue by using addressing methods w here only the specifically addressed voxel (volumetric pixel) interacts substantially with the addressing light. This necessarily involves nonlinear data reading and writing methods, in particular nonlinear optics. 3D optical data storage is related to (and competes with) holographic data storage. Traditional examples of holographic storage do not address in the third dimension, and are therefore not strictly â€Å"3D†, but more recently 3D holographic storage has been realized by the use of microholograms. Layer-selection multilayer technology (where a multilayer disc has layers that can be individually activated e. g. electrically) is also closely related. Schematic representation of a cross-section through a 3D optical storage disc (yellow) along a data track (orange marks). Four data layers are seen, with the laser currently addressing the third from the top. The laser passes through the first two layers and only interacts with the third, since here the light is at a high intensity. As an example, a prototypical 3D optical data storage system may use a disk that looks much like a transparent DVD. The disc contains many layers of information, each at a different depth in the media and each consisting of a DVD-like spiral track. In order to record information on the disc a laser is brought to a focus at a particular depth in the media that corresponds to a particular information layer. When the laser is turned on it causes a photochemical change in the media. As the disc spins and the read/write head moves along a radius, the layer is written just as a DVD-R is written. The depth of the focus may then be changed and another entirely different layer of information written. The distance between layers may be 5 to 100 micrometers, allowing >100 layers of information to be stored on a single disc. In order to read the data back (in this example), a similar procedure is used except this time instead of causing a photochemical change in the media the laser causes fluorescence. This is achieved e. g. by using a lower laser power or a different laser wavelength. The intensity or wavelength of the fluorescence is different depending on whether the media has been written at that point, and so by measuring the emitted light the data is read. It should be noted that the size of individual chromophore molecules or photoactive color centers is much smaller than the size of the laser focus (which is determined by the diffraction limit). The light therefore addresses a large number (possibly even 109) of molecules at any one time, so the medium acts as a homogeneous mass rather than a matrix structured by the positions of chromophores. 2. History: The origins of the field date back to the 1950s, when Yehuda Hirshberg developed the photochromic spiropyrans and suggested their use in data storage. [3] In the 1970s, Valeri Barachevskii demonstrated that this photochromism could be produced by two-photon excitation, and finally at the end of the 1980s Peter T. Rentzepis showed that this could lead to three-dimensional data storage. [5] This proof-of-concept system stimulated a great deal of research and development, and in the following decades many academic and commercial groups have worked on 3D optical data storage products and technologies. Most of the developed systems are based to some extent on the original ideas of Rentzepis. A wide range of physical phenomena for data reading and recording have been investigated, large numbers of chemical systems for the medium have been developed and evaluated, and extensive work has been carried out in solving the problems associated with the optical systems required for the reading and recording of data. Currently, several groups remain working on solutions with various levels of development and interest in commercialization. *3. Processes for creating written data*: Data recording in a 3D optical storage medium requires that a change take place in the medium upon excitation. This change is generally a photochemical reaction of some sort, although other possibilities exist. Chemical reactions that have been investigated include photoisomerizations, photodecompositions and photobleaching, and polymerization initiation. Most investigated have been photochromic compounds, which include azobenzenes, spiropyrans, stilbenes, fulgides and diarylethenes. If the photochemical change is reversible, then rewritable data storage may be achieved, at least n principle. Also, multilevel recording, where data is written in ‘grayscale’ rather than as ‘on’ and ‘off’ signals, is technically feasible. 3. 1 Writing by non*-*resonant multiphoton absorption Although there are many nonlinear optical phenomena, only multiphoton absorption is capable of injecting into the media the significant energy required to electronically excite molecular species and cause chemical reactions. Two-photon absorption is the strongest multiphoton absorbance by far, but still it is a very weak phenomenon, leading to low media sensitivity. Therefore, much research has been directed at providing chromophores with high two-photon absorption cross-sections. Two photon absorption (TPA) is the simultaneous absorption of two photons of identical or different frequencies in order to excite a molecule from one state (usually the ground state) to a higher energy electronic state. The energy difference between the involved lower and upper states of the molecule is equal to the sum of the energies of the two photons. Two-photon absorption is a second-order processes several orders of magnitude weaker than linear absorption. It differs from linear absorption in that the strength of absorption depends on the square of the light intensity, thus it is a nonlinear optical process Writing by 2-photon absorption can be achieved by focusing the writing laser on the point where the photochemical writing process is required. The wavelength of the writing laser is chosen such that it is not linearly absorbed by the medium, and therefore it does not interact with the medium except at the focal point. At the focal point 2-photon absorption becomes significant, because it is a nonlinear process dependent on the square of the laser fluence. Writing by 2-photon absorption can also be achieved by the action of two lasers in coincidence. This method is typically used to achieve the parallel writing of information at once. One laser passes through the media, defining a line or plane. The second laser is then directed at the points on that line or plane that writing is desired. The coincidence of the lasers at these points excited 2-photon absorption, leading to writing photochemistry. 3. 2 Writing by sequential multiphoton absorption Another approach to improving media sensitivity has been to employ resonant wo-photon absorption (also known as â€Å"1+1† or â€Å"sequential† 2-photon absorbance). Nonresonant two-photon absorption (as is generally used) is weak since in order for excitation to take place, the two exciting photons must arrive at the chromophore at almost exactly the same time. This is because the chromophore is unable to interact with a single photon alone. However, if the chromophore has an ene rgy level corresponding to the (weak) absorption of one photon then this may be used as a stepping stone, allowing more freedom in the arrival time of photons and therefore a much higher sensitivity. However, this approach results in a loss of nonlinearity compared to nonresonant 2-photon absorbance (since each 1-photon absorption step is essentially linear), and therefore risks compromising the 3D resolution of the system. 3. 3 Microholography In microholography, focused beams of light are used to record submicrometre-sized holograms in a photorefractive material, usually by the use of collinear beams. The writing process may use the same kinds of media that are used in other types of holographic data storage, and may use 2-photon processes to form the holograms. . 4 Data recording during manufacturing Data may also be created in the manufacturing of the media, as is the case with most optical disc formats for commercial data distribution. In this case, the user cannot write to the disc – it is a ROM format. Data may be written by a nonlinear optical method, but in this case the use of very high power lasers is acceptable so media sensitivity becomes less of an issue. The fabrication of discs containing data molded or printed into their 3D structure has also been demonstrated. For example, a disc containing data in 3D may be constructed by sandwiching together a large number of wafer-thin discs, each of which is molded or printed with a single layer of information. The resulting ROM disc can then be read using a 3D reading method. 3. 5 Other approaches to writing Other techniques for writing data in three-dimensions have also been examined, including: Persistent *spectral** **hole burning* (PSHB), which also allows the possibility of spectral multiplexing to increase data density. However, PSHB media currently requires extremely low temperatures to be maintained in order to avoid data loss. Void* formation, where microscopic bubbles are introduced into a media by high intensity laser irradiation. [7] Chromophore poling, where the laser-induced reorientation of chromophores in the media structure leads to readable changes. *4. Processes for reading data*: The reading of data from 3D optical memories has been carried out in many different ways. While some of these rely on the nonlinearity of the light-matter interaction to obtain 3D resolution, others use methods that spatially filter the media's linear response. Reading methods include: Two photon absorption (resulting in either absorption or fluorescence). This method is essentially two-photon-microscopy. Linear excitation of fluorescence with confocal detection. This method is essentially confocal laser scanning microscopy. It offers excitation with much lower laser powers than does two-photon absorbance, but has some potential problems because the addressing light interacts with many other data points in addition to the one being addressed. Measurement of small differences in the refractive index between the two data states. This method usually employs a phase contrast microscope or confocal reflection microscope. No absorption of light is necessary, so there is no risk of damaging data while reading, but the required refractive index mismatch in the disc may limit the thickness (i. e. number of data layers) that the media can reach due to the accumulated random wavefront errors that destroy the focused spot quality. Second harmonic generation has been demonstrated as a method to read data written into a poled polymer matrix. Optical coherence tomography has also been demonstrated as a parallel reading method. *5. Media *design: The active part of 3D optical storage media is usually an organic polymer either doped or grafted with the photochemically active species. Alternatively, crystalline and sol-gel materials have been used. 5. 1 Media form factor Media for 3D optical data storage have been suggested in several form factors: Disc. A disc media offers a progression from CD/DVD, and allows reading and writing to be carried out by the familiar spinning disc method. Card. A credit card form factor media is attractive from the point of view of portability and convenience, but would be of a lower capacity than a disc. Crystal, Cube or Sphere. Several science fiction writers have suggested small solids that store massive amounts of information, and at least in principle this could be achieved with 3D optical data storage. 5. 2 Media manufacturing The simplest method of manufacturing – the molding of a disk in one piece – is a possibility for some systems. A more complex method of media manufacturing is for the media to be constructed layer by layer. This is required if the data is to be physically created during manufacture. However, layer-by-layer construction need not mean the sandwiching of many layers together. Another alternative is to create the medium in a form analogous to a roll of adhesive tape. *6. Drive design*: A drive designed to read and write to 3D optical data storage media may have a lot in common with CD/DVD drives, particularly if the form factor and data structure of the media is similar to that of CD or DVD. However, there are a number of notable differences that must be taken into account when designing such a drive, including: Laser. Particularly when 2-photon absorption is utilized, high-powered lasers may be required that can be bulky, difficult to cool, and pose safety concerns. Existing optical drives utilize continuous wave diode lasers operating at 780 nm, 658 nm, or 405 nm. 3D optical storage drives may require solid-state lasers or pulsed lasers, and several examples use wavelengths easily available by these technologies, such as 532 nm (green). These larger lasers can be difficult to integrate into the read/write head of the optical drive. Variable spherical aberration correction. Because the system must address different depths in the medium, and at different depths the spherical aberration induced in the wavefront is different, a method is required to dynamically account for these differences. Many possible methods exist that include optical elements that swap in and out of the optical path, moving elements, adaptive optics, and immersion lenses. Optical system. In many examples of 3D optical data storage systems, several wavelengths (colors) of light are used (e. g. eading laser, writing laser, signal; sometimes even two lasers are required just for writing). Therefore, as well as coping with the high laser power and variable spherical aberration, the optical system must combine and separate these different colors of light as required. Detection. In DVD drives, the signal produced from the disc is a reflection of the addressing laser beam, and is therefore very intense. For 3D optical storage however, the signal mus t be generated within the tiny volume that is addressed, and therefore it is much weaker than the laser light. In addition, fluorescence is radiated in all directions from the addressed point, so special light collection optics must be used to maximize the signal. Data tracking. Once they are identified along the z-axis, individual layers of DVD-like data may be accessed and tracked in similar ways to DVD discs. The possibility of using parallel or page-based addressing has also been demonstrated. This allows much faster data transfer rates, but requires the additional complexity of spatial light modulators, signal imaging, more powerful lasers, and more complex data handling. *7. Development issues*: Despite the highly attractive nature of 3D optical data storage, the development of commercial products has taken a significant length of time. This results from limited financial backing in the field, as well as technical issues, including: Destructive reading. Since both the reading and the writing of data are carried out with laser beams, there is a potential for the reading process to cause a small amount of writing. In this case, the repeated reading of data may eventually serve to erase it (this also happens in phase change materials used in some DVDs). This issue has been addressed by many approaches, such as the use of different absorption bands for each process (reading and writing), or the use of a reading method that does not involve the absorption of energy. Thermodynamic stability. Many chemical reactions that appear not to take place in fact happen very slowly. In addition, many reactions that appear to have happened can slowly reverse themselves. Since most 3D media are based on chemical reactions, there is therefore a risk that either the unwritten points will slowly become written or that the written points will slowly revert to being unwritten. This issue is particularly serious for the spiropyrans, but extensive research was conducted to find more stable chromophores for 3D memories. Media sensitivity. 2-photon absorption is a weak phenomenon, and therefore high power lasers are usually required to produce it. Researchers typically use Ti-sapphire lasers or Nd:YAG lasers to achieve excitation, but these instruments are not suitable for use in consumer products. *8. Academic development*: Much of the development of 3D optical data storage has been carried out in universities. The groups that have provided valuable input include: Peter T. Rentzepis was the originator of this field, and has recently developed materials free from destructive readout. *Watt W. Webb* co developed the two-photon microscope in Bell Labs, and showed 3D recording on photorefractive media. Masahiro Irie developed the diarylethene family of photochromic materials. [13] Yoshimasa Kawata, *Satoshi Kawata* and Zouheir Sekkat have developed and worked on several optical data manipulation systems, in particular involving poled polymer systems. 14] Kevin C Belfield is developing photochemical systems for 3D optical data storage by the use of resonance energy transfer between molecules, and also develops high 2-photon cross-section materials. Seth Marder performed much of the early work developing logical approaches to the molecular design of high 2-photon cross-section chromophores. Tom Milster has made many contributions to the theory of 3D optical data storage. Robert McLeod has examine d the use of microholograms for 3D optical data storage. Min Gu has examined confocal readout and methods for its enhancement. 9 Commercial development*: In addition to the academic research, several companies have been set up to commercialize 3D optical data storage and some large corporations have also shown an interest in the technology. However, it is not yet clear whether the technology will ever come to market in the presence of competition from other quarters such as hard drives, flash storage, holographic storage and internet-based storage. Examples of 3D optical data storage media. Top row – Written Call/Recall media; Mempile media. Middle row – FMD; D-Data DMD and drive. Bottom row – Landauer media; Microholas media in action. Call/Recall was founded in 1987 on the basis of Peter Rentzepis' research. Using 2-photon recording (at 25 Mbit/s with 6. 5 ps, 7 nJ, 532 nm pulses), 1-photon readout (with 635 nm), and a high NA (1. 0) immersion lens, they have stored 1 TB as 200 layers in a 1. 2 mm thick disk. [23] They aim to improve capacity to >5 TB and data rates to up to 250 Mbit/s within a year, by developing new materials as well as high-powered pulsed blue laser diodes. Mempile are developing a commercial system with the name TeraDisc. In March 2007, they demonstrated the recording and readback of 100 layers of information on a 0. mm thick disc, as well as low crosstalk, high sensitivity, and thermodynamic stability. [25] They intend to release a red-laser 0. 6-1. 0 TB consumer product in 2010, and have a roadmap to a 5 TB blue-laser product. [26] *Constellation 3D* developed the Fluorescent Multilayer Disc at the end of the 1990s, which was a ROM disk, manufactured layer by layer. The company failed in 200 2, but the intellectual property (IP) was acquired by D-Data Inc. who are attempting to introduce it as the Digital Multilayer Disk (DMD). Storex Technologies has been set up to develop 3D media based on fluorescent photosensitive glasses and glass-ceramic materials. The technology derives from the patents of the Romanian scientist Eugen Pavel, who is also the founder and CEO of the company. First results, 40 nm marks recorded into 3D virtual layers separated by 700 nm, were presented in October 2009 at the ISOM2009 conference. Landauer inc. are developing a media based on resonant 2-photon absorption in a sapphire single crystal substrate. In May 2007, they showed the recording of 20 layers of data using 2 nJ of laser energy (405 nm) for each mark. The reading rate is limited to 10 Mbit/s because of the fluorescence lifetime. Colossal Storage aim to develop a 3D holographic optical storage technology based on photon induced electric field poling using a far UV laser to obtain large improvements over current data capacity and transfer rates, but as yet they have not presented any experimental research or feasibility study. Microholas operates out of the University of Berlin, under the leadership of Prof Susanna Orlic, and has achieved the recording of up to 75 layers of microholographic data, separated by 4. micrometres, and suggesting a data density of 10 GB per layer. [33] 3DCD Technology Pty. Ltd. is a university spin-off set up to develop 3D optical storage technology based on materials identified by Daniel Day and Min Gu. Several large technology companies such as Fuji, Ricoh and Matsushita have applied for patents on 2-photon-responsive materials for applications including 3D optical data storage, however they have not giv en any indication that they are developing full data storage solutions.

Free Essays on Thesis On Things Fall Apart

â€Å"Things Fall Apart† is a fascinating book by Chinua Achebe. This is a simple story of a â€Å"strong man† whose life is controlled by anger and fear. Things Fall Apart is about the tragic fall of a great warrior, Okonkwo, and the Igbo culture. Okonkwo is a respected and influential leader within the Igbo community of Umuofia in east Nigeria. He first earns his personal fame, and brings honor to his village, when he defeats Amalinze a.k.a â€Å"the Cat† in a wrestling match. Okonkwo is determine to gain titles for himself and become a powerful and wealthy man in spite of his father's weaknesses. Okonkwo was a very cold-hearted man in the beginning, but becomes kinder throughout the story (Thesis). As we can see in the novel, Okonkwo isn’t the nicest man in the Ibo tribe. For example, he always tried to be tough and strong (â€Å"‘†¦ask my dead father if he ever had a foul when he was alive.’ Everybody laughed heartily except for Okonkwo, who laughed uneasily because, as the saying goes, an old woman I always uneasy when dry bones are mentioned in a proverb. Okonkwo remembered his own father†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Pg. 21 1st ). Okonkwo always thought that his father was a weak person and that no one should be like him. Okonkwo also belives that people should look out for them selves and shows little mercy on their wrong doings. In addition, During the Week of Peace, Okonkwo notices that his youngest wife, Ojiugo has left her hut to have her hair braided with out having cooked dinner. He then beats her for her negligence. After shamefully breaking the peace of the sacred week he must pay heavy fines for his sins (â€Å"†¦No work was done on the Week of Pe ace. People called on their neighbors and drank palm wine. This year they all talked of nothing else but the nso-ani, which Okonkwo had committed. It was the first time in many years that a man had broken the sacred peace†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Pg. 31 3rd). After this incident members of the Igbo tribe think he i... Free Essays on Thesis On Things Fall Apart Free Essays on Thesis On Things Fall Apart â€Å"Things Fall Apart† is a fascinating book by Chinua Achebe. This is a simple story of a â€Å"strong man† whose life is controlled by anger and fear. Things Fall Apart is about the tragic fall of a great warrior, Okonkwo, and the Igbo culture. Okonkwo is a respected and influential leader within the Igbo community of Umuofia in east Nigeria. He first earns his personal fame, and brings honor to his village, when he defeats Amalinze a.k.a â€Å"the Cat† in a wrestling match. Okonkwo is determine to gain titles for himself and become a powerful and wealthy man in spite of his father's weaknesses. Okonkwo was a very cold-hearted man in the beginning, but becomes kinder throughout the story (Thesis). As we can see in the novel, Okonkwo isn’t the nicest man in the Ibo tribe. For example, he always tried to be tough and strong (â€Å"‘†¦ask my dead father if he ever had a foul when he was alive.’ Everybody laughed heartily except for Okonkwo, who laughed uneasily because, as the saying goes, an old woman I always uneasy when dry bones are mentioned in a proverb. Okonkwo remembered his own father†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Pg. 21 1st ). Okonkwo always thought that his father was a weak person and that no one should be like him. Okonkwo also belives that people should look out for them selves and shows little mercy on their wrong doings. In addition, During the Week of Peace, Okonkwo notices that his youngest wife, Ojiugo has left her hut to have her hair braided with out having cooked dinner. He then beats her for her negligence. After shamefully breaking the peace of the sacred week he must pay heavy fines for his sins (â€Å"†¦No work was done on the Week of Pe ace. People called on their neighbors and drank palm wine. This year they all talked of nothing else but the nso-ani, which Okonkwo had committed. It was the first time in many years that a man had broken the sacred peace†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Pg. 31 3rd). After this incident members of the Igbo tribe think he i...

Technology Essay Example

Technology Essay Example Technology Essay Technology Essay Essay Topic: Investigative Technology Name: Course: Instructor: Institution: Date: Technology The New York Times chose to deploy their innovative support group as a shared service. This means that the costs for supporting the group and acquiring these services will be shared among the companies. The RD vice president expresses that the group’s role is to be able to access new markets and ideas more easily. One of the ways they do this is accessing information from websites in order to know what people are interested in. A shared service approach has several advantages; first, it reduces the cost that a business would have incurred in accessing the services as an individual business. Secondly, it leads to the growth of a business, as competition has been increased and the business is also working with other businesses, hence it is more efficient. A shared service approach also enables a company to focus more on the business without much distraction. The support team of the New York Times is able to prototype E-ink at a point where some businesses cannot be able to afford the resources that are needed to research on the technology. The New York Times collaborated with Netflix to create a map on the most rented films. Shared services approach however has some disadvantages, they include loss of control by the companies in acquiring the service and some businesses may suffer, when they cover the costs of companies that cannot afford to cover for projects. Boston Scientific faced the challenge of balancing openness and sharing with security and the need for restricting access to information. The company used technology to overcome this. The company created software known as Invention Machine’s Goldfire. This machine would enable researchers to access information, while at the same time limiting the information that is accessed. The company would also be able to know what information is being accessed. The cultural change that was required for this to be possible includes the inability of the organization to share its information with outsiders because it feared that some information might leak to their competitors. The organization did not allow researchers and others any access to their data. This is not as important as technology-related issues. For example, first the company’s largest sales are heart-related items. Keeping the pipeline of these items fresh is done through technology, which engineers had been focused on improving before the set up of Goldfire. Secondly, in the past researchers were unable to develop new ideas into past creations because they could not access the data from the organization. This could have led to innovations and discoveries. The video rental map developed by The New York Times and Netflix displays movie popularity across neighborhoods from major US cities. Netflix could use this information to improve their business by supplying common films in the regions that they are common in. they could also supply films that are related to the films common in different regions. Other companies could also take advantage of these data. For example, research companies could use information on films that are common in different regions for research. Cinemas could also use this information, in order to know the type of movies to offer or show in different regions. The newspaper industry has been facing serious challenges to its viability ever since the internet made news available online. Newspapers are coping with these through several ways. Some newspapers have ventured into the internet service by offering their news through the internet, for example The New York Times. Others are coping with these by cutting back on expensive projects, such as investigative journalism. Predictions from a number of newspaper officials are that newspapers will be printing and supplying the papers at most, three days every week. Reports also show that some newspapers have already closed down or stopped printing. For example, The Christian Science Monitor. Surveys show that most people now turn to the internet to access news. In this case, in five or ten years to come, most newspapers will have gone out of business or closed down their print version of the paper to produce e-paper. Examples of companies using technology to help them innovate and develop new products and services include IBM, Liberty Property Trust, Dell and Comcast .IBM Company has software known as Lotus Connections, which offers five web services. The services include communication, enterprise profiles, social book marking, blogs and activities. Liberty Property Trust uses J.D. Edwards 5 solutions to predict the future market and to create good customer relationships. Comcast and Dell use twitter to assess what consumers think about their products. Trends by most companies include the use of social networks such as twitter and blogs to market their products and assess what the public thinks of the company. Case 2 A shared service model such as a shared service center can be used to improve the approach of shared services. This center would provide online consolidation for the various businesses sharing the service. It could also enable the expansion of the shared services, by collaborating with other global businesses with ease of communication and operation. The center provides a platform where members can find information, as well as customers, who want to learn more about the companies.

Causes And Ways Of Diminishing The Low Per Capita Income

Causes And Ways Of Diminishing The Low Per Capita Income Since joblessness has changed into an essential issue in Pakistan, which plainly or circuitous makes financial issues. Tolerating, regardless, assets are extremely used as a piece of Pakistan, this issue can be killed. A considerable measure of creating is open on the point, featuring various causes and results with respect to expanding rate of joblessness. Different examinations investigated determinants of joblessness. Two or three examinations utilized Micro fiscal orchestrated and others utilized Macroeconomic parts of joblessness. These examinations handled made, energetic and making nations. Different hypothetical models are utilized for surveying the determinants of joblessness. The journey for work indicate was appeared by Mortensen (1970) and Lippman and McCall (1976). As indicated by this show, the joblessness relies on work offer and occupation attestation. The development offer stores of work, rule, work understanding and the request state of neighborhood. Acero (1993) proposed a few segments of joblessness. She conveyed that different parts couldnt be called attention to by a neoclassical point of view. A few these parts are identified with veritable excursion for new work. She said that the development highlight continues changing itself as experts change work. In any case, when these developments take quite a while by virtue of the heterogeneity of work oblige and the openings for work, nonattendance of perfect data or the cost of setting we up, need to confront issues. When we leave individuals jobless for quite a while, it likewise makes issues. Particular sections are wage unfaltering nature, the impact of workers affiliation and work authorizing. Assaad et al. (2000) definitely inspected assorted determinants of joblessness in Egypt. The work market of Egypt is keeping from explore from high wide joblessness, where joblessness is prevailing with reliable rate. Examination uncovers that the informed female part is being influence d than that of male accessories by the progress to a private division economy. The female have some issue to enter in the activity highlight, particularly in private piece. They recommend that there is unfathomable arrangement air that is honest to goodness for work concentrated strategies, experts sorted out associations would adjust the new contenders into the work broadcast. Kalim (2003) wore out determinants of joblessness in Pakistan. She isolates the quantifiable relationship between joblessness, individuals change and true blue headway rate of GDP. There is a constructive relationship among joblessness and individuals and an opposite relationship among joblessness and GDP over a time of 1986-1999. A basic fall away from the faith is used to discover the outcomes. She expected that masses change rate in Pakistan is unimaginably high when showed up distinctively in connection to other making nations. On the work front, it has been discovered that a broad number of work oblige stay jobless. Both GDP and individuals are bona fide supporters of joblessness in the economy. Echebiri (2005) oversaw determinants of joblessness in Umuahia whats more, Pakistan. Umuahia has a speedier masses change rate so the greater part of work oblige isnt utilized. The instance of 220 youths was drawn from zones with moving private setups and found that pre-grown-up joblessness in the town conceded standard credits to that assembled in different assorted urban systems really taking shape scene. Rule and work propensity have a provoke relationship with joblessness. It was especially discovered that greater bit of the jobless and first time work searchers favored salaried work to self-governing work. The adolescents showed that they hate the country residency on the grounds that there is nonappearance of work openings and poor social and physical foundations. Akhtar and Shahnaz (2005) correspondingly evaluated the determinants of youth joblessness utilizing information from 1991 to 2004. In 1990 there is high joblessness because of low GDP and meander. They oversaw both little scale moreover, sweeping scale determinants of youth joblessness issues in Pakistan. In the first place, joblessness of youth just starts to diminish if the yearly change rate of Gross family unit thing is more fundamental than 4.25 percent for consistently. Second, the headway rate of associations parcel GDP has more fundamental effect on lessening female joblessness. Third, the private area hypothesis has more basic effect than open locale set out to decrease youth joblessness. Family little scale level information demonstrated that limit acquisition and master arranging have no effect on business. Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan is around 532 million dollars in 2012, whereas the GDP improvement rate of the country is around 3.7 percent, which has reliably d eclined over the earlier decade. It is a making country and is standing up to different social issues including joblessness being one of the genuine one. The joblessness rate in Pakistan is around 5.55 percent. There are different segments that impact the joblessness rate in Pakistan. The illustrative factors under examination are Population Growth Rate (PGR), Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Poverty Rate (PR), Interest Rate (IR) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Studies have been directed to grasp the joblessness of Pakistan, at any rate there still exist a need to find the associations of each one of these components with each other. This can give bits of information to the approach makers to devise frameworks for national growth. In Pakistan there are impressive measures of factors that impact unemployment. Pakistan economy by and large depends upon agribusiness portion that contribute 20.9% in GDP and 43.5% people used in that part where male extent is 34.9% and 74.2% females. In nation region extent of business is higher as appear differently in relation to urban zone that is 35.97% all around and concerning sexual introduction 22.49% male and 13.48% females work in agribusiness part. Backwardness around there causes higher job. Schoeman et al. (2008) audited the determinants of joblessness in South Africa. They utilized the tremendous scale financial parts, real change standard whats more, unionization as a level of formal business, foul oil costs, capital stock and merchants insistence rate. The outcomes demonstrated that there is a switch relationship among meander and joblessness and the positive relationship among joblessness and affiliation station, unrefined petroleum costs, essentialness about genui ne change standard and strict money related system. Eita and Ashipala (2010) wore out determinants of joblessness in Namibia for the period of 1971-2007.They utilized far reaching scale financial segments for joblessness show up. They utilized Engle and Granger way to deal with oversee measure the model. The outcomes displayed that there is negative relationship among swelling and joblessness, positive between wage rate and joblessness and negative among theory and joblessness. The Philips curve held in Namibia. Kingdon and Knight (2001) handled joblessness by utilizing profit appear for South Africa. Garcia (2004) examined on purposes behind joblessness in Spain. Valadkhani (2003) managed joblessness in Iran. Monastiriotis (2006) wore out joblessness by utilizing macroeconomic factors in UK. He utilized Keynesian and monetarist approach of joblessness. Kwabena (2011) assessed determinants of joblessness in Limpopo. We have assessed unquestionable examinations about determinants of joblessness. These examinations have not considered the essential macroeconomic factors which may influence joblessness rate. Kalim (2003) considers just two components like masses and GDP as determinants of joblessness in her examination for Pakistan economy. For broad examination, this take a gander at joins remote direct meander, outside responsibility, individuals, swelling and GDP as determinants, which may contribute joblessness rate in Pakistan and utilizations an impressive enlightening record. There are particular techniques for planning the cointegration examination among factors. The techniques are: Julius (1990) and Johansen (1992). At whatever point there are in excess of two I(1) factors in the framework, the most preposterous probability approach of Johansen and Julius has the perfect position over remaining based approach of Engle and Granger; both of the methodology require that the factors have a practically identical request of wire. Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) for cointegration test has certain perfect conditions over Johansen. This technique does not require the demand of components into I(0) or I(1). This examination utilized ARDL way to deal with oversee break down cointegration among factors that was proposed by Pesaran and Shin (1999). A fundamental model is utilized to separate the varieties in joblessness rate in Pakistan. There are number of segments which influence the joblessness rate. The supportive kind of the model is as: UN = f (GDP, POP, FDI, PINV, EXD) Where UN = Unemployment in millions POP = Population in millions GDP = Real Gross family unit thing in US dollars (millions) FDI = Foreign direct enthusiasm for US dollars (millions) EXD = External commitment in US dollars (millions) PINV = Private enthusiasm for US dollars (million.) Joblessness: The destitute variable is joblessness which is gotten from work constrain less utilized people. Joblessness happens precisely when a man is fit and willing to work yet is before long without work. Masses: Population recommends imply people of the nation. Masses increment prompts increase in joblessness. Indicate national yield: The aggregate market estimation of every single last remarkable and associations passed on every year inside the purposes of imprisonment of a nation. The examination recognize that there may negative relationship among GDP and joblessness. Remote Direct Investment: Foreign direct speculation (FDI) in its praiseworthy shape is portrayed as a relationship from one nation impacting a physical meander into building a creation to line in another nation. It is the foundation of a meander by an untouchable. The examination acknowledges that FDI has a negative association with joblessness. Outside commitment: External duty is that bit of the aggregate responsibility in a nation that is owed to outside nationals, firms and affiliations. The responsibility joins cash owed to private business banks, unmistakable governments, or general money related relationship, for example, the IMF and World Bank. Outer Obligation prompts diminish in joblessness. Private Investment: A private speculation capital cooperation, overall recommended as PICS, is a money related gadget that depends upon a little pool of fiscal specialists cash for arrive hypotheses. The cash managers of private subsidizing cooperation or PICS are experienced land meander geniuses, who in addition put resources into related land things, for example, assess lien approvals, dispossessions, notes, and furthermore change connects on favorable position of their endorsers and themselves. Private Investment prompts diminish in joblessness.

Why did Capitalism first appear in Britiain rathen than any other area Essay

Why did Capitalism first appear in Britiain rathen than any other area in the world - Essay Example To know why it started in England also gives us an insight on the many factors that made it successful there despite early misgivings about this system. Although England already had characteristics of the rudimentary form of capitalism by 1815, it did not immediately take hold because the wealth and power structure of the country had not changed yet. This simply means the old feudal system was not yet completely erased in which peoples wealth were measured by an amount of land they possessed. In other words, the country at that time was still largely anchored on an agricultural economy. The majority of people still depended on the produce of the land for their sustenance as income source. The other countries on continental Europe were largely weakened by frequent wars. It was only England which had remained largely untouched because it was separated from the continent by the English Channel and was therefore insulated from its ill effects. However, it must be conceded that other factors conspired to make England especially favorable to large scale developments in terms of capital and labor. The first big industries of coal mining and its related iron and steel industries were located in close proximity in England (SÃ ©e 139). England was a major sea power at the beginnings of the nineteenth century and it gave the country undisputed dominion of the high seas. With its tremendous sea dominance, it gave England unfettered access to much of the import and export trade in agricultural commodities such as cotton for its burgeoning textile industry, back then a key element in modernization of any country. France, which was the sole European power to seriously challenge England, was weak from the big wars of the Napoleonic era and then convulsed by its own revolution which followed to establish the first French republic. England was uniquely positioned to take some advantage of this turmoil. A study of the early economic history

The Internet Speed and Wi-Fi Coverage at Camps and Dormitory Research Proposal

The Internet Speed and Wi-Fi Coverage at Camps and Dormitory - Research Proposal Example For instance, when some users are browsing the internet while others are downloading files such as music, movie or game, the internet connection becomes slow. Time of day also contributes to slowing down the overall speed of the internet. It is notable that when many users are online, internet connections as well as access points could become overloaded leading to delays in the response (Underdahl, 2009). Generally, when everyone is using the internet simultaneously, there would be a decrease in internet speed. The internet could also be slow because of malware/spyware infection in the machines which might be secretly utilizing the internet bandwidth. Spyware could slow the system by way of interfering with the browser and monopolizing the internet connection. Spyware essentially monitors the users’ internet usage and keystrokes, and this adds delays. This problem could be amplified whenever there are several programs of spyware which run simultaneously. The internet connectiv ity could be lost completely if the spyware/malware problem turns out to be severe enough (Purdy, 2010). Computer viruses could also result in poor internet connectivity. ... Other than slow speed of internet, weak Wi-Fi coverage is also an issue. Wi-Fi is simply a technology which enables an electronic gadget to connect to the internet or to exchange data wirelessly with the use of radio waves. Wi-Fi essentially offers wireless high-speed internet as well as network connections. Wi-Fi uses radio frequency (RF) technology, that is, a frequency that is in the electromagnetic spectrum related to radio wave propagation (Kazmeyer, 2011). It is notable that the foundation of any wireless network is an access point (AP); a device that broadcasts a wireless signal which computers could detect and then tune into. It is necessary for devices and computers to be equipped with wireless network adapters so as to connect to an AP and join a wireless network. In our dormitory and camps, there are various devices and applications which are supported by Wi-Fi including mobile phones, video game consoles, personal digital assistants (PDAs), laptops and operating systems s uch as Android, Windows 7 and Vista. Although there are Wi-Fi enabled devices at our dormitory and camps, there is weak Wi-Fi coverage. The devices can only connect to the internet when within a limited and short range of a wireless network. The coverage of interconnected APs, or hotspots, extends on an area of just 10 square miles – this is a very small area to meet the wireless needs of everyone residing in the camps and dormitories. Routers which integrate a cable modem or a digital subscriber line (DSL) and a Wi-Fi access point was set up at our dormitory and camps in order to provide internet access as well as internet working to every device that is connected to them, either through cable or

Compare three cinematic figures of Jesus Christ Essay

Compare three cinematic figures of Jesus Christ - Essay Example This Jesus is in love with Mary of Bethany, and although she obviously has the look of love in her eyes and he reciprocates the looks, there is something that prevents him to ask her to marry him, but he does not know what it is, when he asks his father about it, Joseph only answers; "I'm just a carpenter, but you Jesus, you are not just a carpenter." Before dying, his earthly father lets him know that he is expected to do something to deliver the people of Israel from the Roman tyranny, yet he does not understand what or why him. "You want me to step out but you leave alone" he tells his father in the grave, he begs God to raise him, he demands Him, and finally, he accepts God's will. It is Mary his mother who tells him about his divine conception and encourages him to follow his heart. That's when he leaves for forty days and forty nights to the desert to fast and meditate about his future. His innocence and great faith are evident in his encounter with Satan, when he tempts him to turn the stones into bread to feed the people of Israel so they won't die he answers: "They die because of the hearts of stone of other men, not because of the will of God." When told by Satan that in order to make people listen he should throw himself from the Temple, and have God's angels come rescue him, "that would get the people's attention." Jesus seems to understand Satan's point of view and he is about to jump, then stops and turns to tell him: "If God wanted to test nature's laws, he wouldn't have sent me." It is through the third temptation that he realizes He is "The lamb of God."

Has NAFTA proven beneficial to the American economy Explain Essay

Has NAFTA proven beneficial to the American economy Explain - Essay Example United States also made certain alteration in their international trade strategies. As because of NAFTA, Mexico’s export increased to a significant amount and Canada became huge market for America. It has been claimed that NAFTA has been a success for all the member countries, but reality is little different. It is true that there are certain significant economic improvements that have taken place due to NAFTA, but that is one side of the coin as also there are certain major disadvantages of NAFTA which include job losses, problems regarding environment, declining standards of safety and health etc. NAFTA’s major objective was to remove the trade barriers and increase free trade between its member countries. NAFTA, although, has improved the export growth of its member countries, but at the same time it has resulted into many critical economic as well as environmental problems for its member countries. Among various disadvantages of NAFTA, most important one is the loss of jobs in United States. Manufacturers in United States, because of NAFTA, got the freedom of outsourcing or moving jobs to Mexico. Mexican labors are available at a cost which is much lower than that of American labor. As a result of this manufacturers shifted their production unit to Mexico, and rules in NAFTA allowed them to do so legally. This resulted huge job losses in manufacturing industry in US. Manufacturers, who continued their operation in US, reduced the salary of US workers. Almost 879,280 jobs were lost in US during the time period of 1994 to 2002. There was actually significant increase in job creation from 1994 to 2000. But from 2001 unemployment started to increase and by October, 2003 almost 2.4 millions people lost their job. Apart from manufacturing industry, other industries which moved to Mexico include textiles, electrical appliances, computer etc. States which were badly affected include T exas, California, Michigan and New York. Apart form these job

Job search Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Job search - Essay Example Further, it is not known when a situation may arise that might bring about the need for extended services beyond the normal routine scheduling, thus requiring that an individual seeking to work as a ground hostess should be flexible and have the ability to work for long hours (Wadhwaney, 2004 p55). Nevertheless, there are several fundamental competencies and attributes are necessary qualifications for the position of a ground hostess. Necessary competencies for a Ground Hostess Pleasing and confident personality Pleasing and confident personality is a fundamental requirement for an individual seeking to work as a ground hostess, considering that it is a position that entails dealing with diverse people directly, and thus there is a need to be able to handle them appropriately, and make them feel comfortable, even when the situation does not speak to the same (Morgan, 2005 p156). Considering that occasional occurrences that may disrupt the travel plans and comfort of the airline trave lers are not inevitable, the pleasant attitude and personality is essential, to give the affected people a reassurance, while also making it possible for those with issues to approach and enquire from the person, since a pleasant personality translates into a welcoming attitude (IGIA, 2013 n.p.). Strong communication skills and command of key languages Communication has always formed the basis of establishing a relationship between individuals, and thus excellent communication skill, coupled with a good command of key languages used in the region is essential, to ensure that there is effective interaction between the ground hostess and the visitors to the airline (Kent, 2002 p27). While the ground hostess is in a position to communicate well with the travelers, then, the person becomes helpful to them, since they will be able to enquire regarding various aspects of their travel, and get helpful information (Canwell & Sutherland, 2003 p53). Further, the ability to communicate efficie ntly with the travelers, and in the language they understand well, forms the basis of visitors achieving a rewarding experience, which may act as the basis of future engagement with the airline (IGIA, 2013 n.p.). Patience While the other attributes are considered essential for the position of a ground hostess, nothing would be more necessary that patience, which is the attribute that allows an individual to keep calm and resilient when handling crisis, without the possibility of escalating the situation (Air hostess, 2012 n.p.). Therefore, patience allows the person working as a ground hostess to address the issues raised by the visitors to the airline amicably, without resulting to unnecessary conflicts with the visitors, even when such visitors could be harsh, rude and condescending (Great Britain, 2012 p41). It is through patience that a person working as a ground hostess will be able to assist, offer guidance and direction to visitors, especially who are first time travelers or those who are new to the airline, and may not understand the necessary procedures. Patience allows the ground hostess

Movie - Good Night and Good Luck Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Movie - Good Night and Good Luck - Essay Example During the 1950s, totalitarianism was evident in the government rule as they exercised absolute power without justice. The authorities held absolute control over the private and public social activities (Linz 234). The authority used propaganda as a way of manipulating and instilling ideas into people’s minds. The political leaders used to act charismatic, publicly displaying emotions of; kindness, generosity, and love for the people. The authority created slogans and policies that would instill fear in the public ensuring that people do not stand against the government. Those who tried to oppose these actions were called traitors, communists or simply disloyal. The government used secret forces like storm troopers to eliminate opposing subjects through covert methods like arranged accidents (Lewis 74). Totalitarianism ruled as the governments disregarded any consideration for public accountability, thus maintaining one-party state. People struggled to counter this aspect of totalitarianism by using mass communication. Journalists portrayed the negative side of the government. The government, on the other hand, claimed that media was nothing but profit hungry machine. A segment of the population even started believing it. The government kept pressurizing TV networks to change the news and alter words to fit their criteria. This is evidence that the media is a force to be reckoned with and its fear pressurizes the government to exercise utilitarianism in order to prevent dissent (Hans Maierc 104). The governments also realize that this tool can be used in their favor. In Good Luck and Good Night, the media aims to expose government’s corruption. The iconic journalist, Murrow is one of those aiming to expose the government and perceives the acts of the government as deceitful and manipulative (Griffith 116).

Job search Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Job search - Essay Example Further, it is not known when a situation may arise that might bring about the need for extended services beyond the normal routine scheduling, thus requiring that an individual seeking to work as a ground hostess should be flexible and have the ability to work for long hours (Wadhwaney, 2004 p55). Nevertheless, there are several fundamental competencies and attributes are necessary qualifications for the position of a ground hostess. Necessary competencies for a Ground Hostess Pleasing and confident personality Pleasing and confident personality is a fundamental requirement for an individual seeking to work as a ground hostess, considering that it is a position that entails dealing with diverse people directly, and thus there is a need to be able to handle them appropriately, and make them feel comfortable, even when the situation does not speak to the same (Morgan, 2005 p156). Considering that occasional occurrences that may disrupt the travel plans and comfort of the airline trave lers are not inevitable, the pleasant attitude and personality is essential, to give the affected people a reassurance, while also making it possible for those with issues to approach and enquire from the person, since a pleasant personality translates into a welcoming attitude (IGIA, 2013 n.p.). Strong communication skills and command of key languages Communication has always formed the basis of establishing a relationship between individuals, and thus excellent communication skill, coupled with a good command of key languages used in the region is essential, to ensure that there is effective interaction between the ground hostess and the visitors to the airline (Kent, 2002 p27). While the ground hostess is in a position to communicate well with the travelers, then, the person becomes helpful to them, since they will be able to enquire regarding various aspects of their travel, and get helpful information (Canwell & Sutherland, 2003 p53). Further, the ability to communicate efficie ntly with the travelers, and in the language they understand well, forms the basis of visitors achieving a rewarding experience, which may act as the basis of future engagement with the airline (IGIA, 2013 n.p.). Patience While the other attributes are considered essential for the position of a ground hostess, nothing would be more necessary that patience, which is the attribute that allows an individual to keep calm and resilient when handling crisis, without the possibility of escalating the situation (Air hostess, 2012 n.p.). Therefore, patience allows the person working as a ground hostess to address the issues raised by the visitors to the airline amicably, without resulting to unnecessary conflicts with the visitors, even when such visitors could be harsh, rude and condescending (Great Britain, 2012 p41). It is through patience that a person working as a ground hostess will be able to assist, offer guidance and direction to visitors, especially who are first time travelers or those who are new to the airline, and may not understand the necessary procedures. Patience allows the ground hostess